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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the theoretical problems in placing criminal law as a last resort only on offenses in Article 100 paragraph (1) of the PPLH Law and the notion is related to the characteristics of environmental offenses. As a normative legal research, this study uses the statutory, the history, and the conceptual approaches. The results of the study concluded that the placement of criminal law as a last resort only in Article 100 paragraph (1) of the PPLH Law is theoretically problematic. The offenses in the Article, as well as the offenses in Article 101, Article 102, Article 103, Article 104, Article 107, and Article 109 (businesses/activities that are mandatory to EIA), meets the criteria for a real danger model (concrete endangerment) which requires direct contact between contaminated material and the environment carried out in an unlawful manner. Criminal law as a last resort should apply to offenses that enter the abstract endangerment model as regulated in Article 109 (businesses/activities related to UPL-UKL), Article 110, and Article 111 because they are purely administrative violations, there is no direct contact between material polluted with the environment, and protect ecological values indirectly through the provision of intervention mechanisms for the government to prevent environmental losses.
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References
- Buku
- B. Miles, Matthew dan Huberman, A. Michael, Analisis Data Kualitatif, tanpa Penerbit, tt.
- D. Schaffmeister, et.al, Kekhawatiran Masa Kini Pemikiran Mengenai Hukum Pidana Lingkungan dalam Teori & Praktik, Diterjemahkan Oleh Tristan P. Moeliono, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 1994.
- Faure, Michael & Niessen, Nicole (Editor), Environmental Law in Development Lesson from the Indonesian Experience, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK, 2006.
- Ibrahim, Johny, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, BayuMedia Publishing, Malang, 2006.
- Machmud, Syahrul, Problematika Penerapan Delik Formil dalam Perspektif Penegakan Hukum Pidana Lingkungan di Indonesia Fungsionalisasi Azas Ultimum remedium sebagai Pengganti Azas Subsidiaritas, Mandar Maju, Bandung, 2012.
- Muladi, Kapita Selekta Sistem Peradilan Pidana, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 1995.
- ______, Proyeksi Hukum Pidana Materiil Indonesia di Masa Mendatang”, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Ilmu Hukum Pidna, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 24 Pebruari, 1990.
- Qudah, Hamdan, Towards International Criminalization of Transboundry Environmental Crimes, Dissertation, Pace Law School, New York, 2014.
- Rahmadi, Takdir, Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia, Cet. Ketiga, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, 2013.
- Skinnider, Eileen, Victims of Environmental Crimes – Mapping the Issues, The International Center for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, 2011.
- Jurnal
- Antkowiak, Thomas M.,“A Dark Side of Virtue: The Inter-American Court and Reparations for Indigenous Peoples”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 25, 2014.
- Atapattu, Sumudu,“Climate Change, International Environmental Law Principles, and the North-South Divide”, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, 26, 2017.
- Cho, Byung-Sun, “Emergence of an International Environmental Criminal Law?”, UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 19, 2000/2001.
- Flatt, Victor, “Will the Means Justify the End of Environmental Law? Environmental Law Must Undergo Reasoned Legislative Debate”, Arizona Journal of Environemtanl Law & Policy, 9, 2019.
- Hoskins, Zachary, “Criminalization and the Collateral Consequences of Conviction”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018.
- Husak, Douglas, “Applying Ultima Ratio: A Skeptical Assessment”, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005.
- Jareborg, Nils, ‘Criminalization as Last Resort (ultima ratio)’, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005.
- Kim, So Woong, “Kebijakan hukum pidana dalam upaya penegakan hukum lingkungan hidup”, Jurnal Dimanika Hukum, Vol 13, 2013.
- ______, “Locating the Environmental Harm in Environmental Crimes”, Utah Law Review, 2009.
- Laitos, Jan G., “Standing and Environmenal Harm: The Double Paradox”, Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 31, 2013.
- Mandiberg, Susan F., & Michael G. Faure, “A Graduated Punishment Approach to Environmental Crimes: Beyond Vindication of Administrative Authority in the United States and Europe”, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, 34, 2009.
- McGorrery, Paul, “The Philosophy of Criminalisation: A Review of Duff et al.’s Criminalisation Series”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018.
- Michael, Faure & M. Nisser , “The Revolution in Environmental Criminal Law in Europe”,Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 35, 2017.
- -----------______, “How to Punish Environmental Pollution- Some Reflections on the Various Models of Criminalization of Environmental Harm”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 3, 1995.
- ______, Ingeborg M. Koopmans, Johannes C. Oudijk, “Imposing Criminal Liability on Government Officials Under Environmental Law: A Legal and Economic Analysis”, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal, 18, 1996.
- Nagara, Grahat, “Perkembangan Sanksi Administratif dalam Penguatan Perlindungan Lingkungan terkait Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam (Studi Kasus: Sektor Perkebunan, Pertambangan, dan Kehutanan)”, Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Vol. 3 2, 2017.
- Picinali, Federico, “The Denial of Procedural Safeguards in Trials for Regulatory Offences: A Justification”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 11, 2017.
- Putra, David Aprizone, “Implikasi politik kebijakan hukum pidana dalam UUPLH”, Jurnal Legality, Vol 25, 2017.
- Shover, Neal, & Aaron S. Routhe, “Environmental Crime”, Crime and Justice, 32, 2005.
- Widayati, Lidya Suryani, “Ultimum Remedium dalam Bidang Lingkungan Hidup”, Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, Vol 22, 2015.
- Undang-Undang dan Risalah Sidang
- Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2009 Nomor 140, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5059
- Rapat Dengar Pendapat Umum (RDPU) dengan dengan Direktur Eksekutif Greenomics Indonesia, Direktur Forest WWF Indonesia, Direktur Eksekutif Indonesia Center Environmental, Direktur Eksekutif Nasional Wahana Lingkungan Hidup, Ketua Jaringan Advokasi Tambang, Direktur Eksekutif Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia, Koordinator Eksekutif Huma dan Ketua Umum Perhimpunan Cendikiawan Lingkungan Hidup, 13 Juli 2009
References
Buku
B. Miles, Matthew dan Huberman, A. Michael, Analisis Data Kualitatif, tanpa Penerbit, tt.
D. Schaffmeister, et.al, Kekhawatiran Masa Kini Pemikiran Mengenai Hukum Pidana Lingkungan dalam Teori & Praktik, Diterjemahkan Oleh Tristan P. Moeliono, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 1994.
Faure, Michael & Niessen, Nicole (Editor), Environmental Law in Development Lesson from the Indonesian Experience, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, UK, 2006.
Ibrahim, Johny, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, BayuMedia Publishing, Malang, 2006.
Machmud, Syahrul, Problematika Penerapan Delik Formil dalam Perspektif Penegakan Hukum Pidana Lingkungan di Indonesia Fungsionalisasi Azas Ultimum remedium sebagai Pengganti Azas Subsidiaritas, Mandar Maju, Bandung, 2012.
Muladi, Kapita Selekta Sistem Peradilan Pidana, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 1995.
______, Proyeksi Hukum Pidana Materiil Indonesia di Masa Mendatang”, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Ilmu Hukum Pidna, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 24 Pebruari, 1990.
Qudah, Hamdan, Towards International Criminalization of Transboundry Environmental Crimes, Dissertation, Pace Law School, New York, 2014.
Rahmadi, Takdir, Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia, Cet. Ketiga, Rajawali Press, Jakarta, 2013.
Skinnider, Eileen, Victims of Environmental Crimes – Mapping the Issues, The International Center for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, 2011.
Jurnal
Antkowiak, Thomas M.,“A Dark Side of Virtue: The Inter-American Court and Reparations for Indigenous Peoples”, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 25, 2014.
Atapattu, Sumudu,“Climate Change, International Environmental Law Principles, and the North-South Divide”, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, 26, 2017.
Cho, Byung-Sun, “Emergence of an International Environmental Criminal Law?”, UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy, 19, 2000/2001.
Flatt, Victor, “Will the Means Justify the End of Environmental Law? Environmental Law Must Undergo Reasoned Legislative Debate”, Arizona Journal of Environemtanl Law & Policy, 9, 2019.
Hoskins, Zachary, “Criminalization and the Collateral Consequences of Conviction”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018.
Husak, Douglas, “Applying Ultima Ratio: A Skeptical Assessment”, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005.
Jareborg, Nils, ‘Criminalization as Last Resort (ultima ratio)’, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 2005.
Kim, So Woong, “Kebijakan hukum pidana dalam upaya penegakan hukum lingkungan hidup”, Jurnal Dimanika Hukum, Vol 13, 2013.
______, “Locating the Environmental Harm in Environmental Crimes”, Utah Law Review, 2009.
Laitos, Jan G., “Standing and Environmenal Harm: The Double Paradox”, Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 31, 2013.
Mandiberg, Susan F., & Michael G. Faure, “A Graduated Punishment Approach to Environmental Crimes: Beyond Vindication of Administrative Authority in the United States and Europe”, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, 34, 2009.
McGorrery, Paul, “The Philosophy of Criminalisation: A Review of Duff et al.’s Criminalisation Series”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018.
Michael, Faure & M. Nisser , “The Revolution in Environmental Criminal Law in Europe”,Virginia Environmental Law Journal, 35, 2017.
-----------______, “How to Punish Environmental Pollution- Some Reflections on the Various Models of Criminalization of Environmental Harm”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 3, 1995.
______, Ingeborg M. Koopmans, Johannes C. Oudijk, “Imposing Criminal Liability on Government Officials Under Environmental Law: A Legal and Economic Analysis”, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal, 18, 1996.
Nagara, Grahat, “Perkembangan Sanksi Administratif dalam Penguatan Perlindungan Lingkungan terkait Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam (Studi Kasus: Sektor Perkebunan, Pertambangan, dan Kehutanan)”, Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Vol. 3 2, 2017.
Picinali, Federico, “The Denial of Procedural Safeguards in Trials for Regulatory Offences: A Justification”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 11, 2017.
Putra, David Aprizone, “Implikasi politik kebijakan hukum pidana dalam UUPLH”, Jurnal Legality, Vol 25, 2017.
Shover, Neal, & Aaron S. Routhe, “Environmental Crime”, Crime and Justice, 32, 2005.
Widayati, Lidya Suryani, “Ultimum Remedium dalam Bidang Lingkungan Hidup”, Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, Vol 22, 2015.
Undang-Undang dan Risalah Sidang
Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2009 Nomor 140, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5059
Rapat Dengar Pendapat Umum (RDPU) dengan dengan Direktur Eksekutif Greenomics Indonesia, Direktur Forest WWF Indonesia, Direktur Eksekutif Indonesia Center Environmental, Direktur Eksekutif Nasional Wahana Lingkungan Hidup, Ketua Jaringan Advokasi Tambang, Direktur Eksekutif Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia, Koordinator Eksekutif Huma dan Ketua Umum Perhimpunan Cendikiawan Lingkungan Hidup, 13 Juli 2009