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Abstract
The first and foremost issue in this study is the general principles and legal arrangements of tapping into national and international human rights law. Second, as lex specially can tappin be prosecuted to national or international law? Third, why is the wiretapping of Australia against Indonesia not considered as a crime but a violation of the diplomatic code of conduct. This is a normative research. The study reveals that first: legally tapping is prohibited by law and international human rights based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1966, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1958) and the 1961 Vienna Convention. While in the national law, the prohibition of tapping is provided in Article 28G paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, Article 32 of law No. 39 of 1999, Article 40 of Law No. 36 of 1999, Article 31 paragraph (1) of Law No. 11 of 2008, and Article 31 paragraph (2) of Law No. 11 Year 2008. Tapping is allowed when the order and security of the country is being threatened as stipulated in the Law on Combating Criminal Acts of Terrorism, Narcotics Law, the Law on the Corruption Eradication Commission, and the Law on State Intelligence. Second, the ban on wiretapping in international criminal law can be excluded for particular crimes as stipulated by Rome Statute of 1998, and Transnational Organized Crime. Thirdly, in the context of the behavior relations between countries, Australia tapping against Indonesia has shifted meaning from a crime into a violation of the diplomatic code of conduct. Indonesia acted diplomatically towards Australia’s violation by forgiveness.
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References
- B. Welty, Jeffrey, Prosecution and Law Enforcement Access to Information about Electronic Communication, Administration of Justice Bulletin, 2009/05/October, 2009.
- Djafar, Wahyudi, Protecting Privacy Rights from Wiretapping, The Jakarta Post, Tanggal 21 Februari 2013, dapat diakses di http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/02/21/protecting-privacy-rights-wiretapping.html. Lihat Laporan Pelapor Khusus PBB untuk kebebasan berekspresi dan berpendapat, Frank La Rue, A/HRC/23/40, dapat diakses dalam website http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf, diakses Rabu, 28 Mei 2014.
- Gede Sudika Mangku, Dewa, “Pelanggaran terhadap Hak Kekebalan Diplomatik: Studi Kasus Penyadapan KBRI di Yangoon Myanmar Berdasarkan Konvensi Wina Tahun 1961â€, Jurnal Perspektif Volume XV No. 3 Tahun 2010, Edisi Juli.
- Hale, Amanda and John Edwards, “Getting its Tapedâ€, Computer and Communications Law Review 2006.
- Indonesia Legal Center Publishing, Undang-Undang No.39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, ILCP, Jakarta, 2006.
- Masyhur Effendi, A., Hukum Konsuler-Hukum Diplomatik Serta Hak dan Kewajiban Wakil-wakil Organisasi Internasional/Negara, IKIP Malang, 1994.
- Rizka Februari, R. Aj. Prabanigtyas, Indonesia-Asutralia: Menguji Persahabatan di Tengah Konflik Penyadapan. Institute of International studies Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Desember 2013. Volume 20 Issue 1.
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Text of the Rome Statute circulated as document A/CONF.183/9 of 17 July 1998 and corrected by process-verbaux of 10 November 1998, 12 July 1999, 30 November 1999, 8 May 2000, 17 January 2001 and 16 January 2002. The Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002.
- Setiawan, Arif, Penyadapan dalam Perspektif Due Process of Law. Makalah terbatas FGD, FH Universitas Islam Indonesia, 28 Mei 2014.
- Suryono, Edi, Hukum Diplomatik Kekebalan dan Keistimewaannya, Angkasa, Bandung, 1991.
- Thonthowi, Jawahir, Penyadapan dalam Hukum internasional dan Implikasinya terhadap Penegakan Hukum Kejahatan Luar Biasa. Disampaikan dalam acara Studium General di Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Surabaya, Jumat 30 Mei 2014 Kampus UBAYA Surabaya Jawa timur.
- Widodo Eddyono, Supriyadi & Erasmus A. T. Napitupulu. Komentar atas Pengaturan penyadapan dalam Rancangan KUHAP, Institue for Criminal Justice Reform, Jakarta, 2013.
- Konvensi Wina Tahun 1961 tentang Hubungan Diplomatik.
- UUD Republik Indonesia 1945.
- Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR) 1948.
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (ICCPR) 1966.
- UU No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia
- UU No 36 Tahun 1999 tentang Telekomunikasi
- UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik
- Tidak Sekali Ini Saja Australia Cederai Indonesia, http://www.jurnalparlemen. com/view/7073/tidak-sekali-austr... Diakses Rabu, 28 Mei 2014.
- Menlu RI: Kami Tidak Terima Alasan Penyadapan Australia http://www.deplu.go.id/Pages/News.aspx?IDP=6627&l=id Diakses Rabu, 28 Mei 2014.
References
B. Welty, Jeffrey, Prosecution and Law Enforcement Access to Information about Electronic Communication, Administration of Justice Bulletin, 2009/05/October, 2009.
Djafar, Wahyudi, Protecting Privacy Rights from Wiretapping, The Jakarta Post, Tanggal 21 Februari 2013, dapat diakses di http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/02/21/protecting-privacy-rights-wiretapping.html. Lihat Laporan Pelapor Khusus PBB untuk kebebasan berekspresi dan berpendapat, Frank La Rue, A/HRC/23/40, dapat diakses dalam website http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf, diakses Rabu, 28 Mei 2014.
Gede Sudika Mangku, Dewa, “Pelanggaran terhadap Hak Kekebalan Diplomatik: Studi Kasus Penyadapan KBRI di Yangoon Myanmar Berdasarkan Konvensi Wina Tahun 1961â€, Jurnal Perspektif Volume XV No. 3 Tahun 2010, Edisi Juli.
Hale, Amanda and John Edwards, “Getting its Tapedâ€, Computer and Communications Law Review 2006.
Indonesia Legal Center Publishing, Undang-Undang No.39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, ILCP, Jakarta, 2006.
Masyhur Effendi, A., Hukum Konsuler-Hukum Diplomatik Serta Hak dan Kewajiban Wakil-wakil Organisasi Internasional/Negara, IKIP Malang, 1994.
Rizka Februari, R. Aj. Prabanigtyas, Indonesia-Asutralia: Menguji Persahabatan di Tengah Konflik Penyadapan. Institute of International studies Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Desember 2013. Volume 20 Issue 1.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Text of the Rome Statute circulated as document A/CONF.183/9 of 17 July 1998 and corrected by process-verbaux of 10 November 1998, 12 July 1999, 30 November 1999, 8 May 2000, 17 January 2001 and 16 January 2002. The Statute entered into force on 1 July 2002.
Setiawan, Arif, Penyadapan dalam Perspektif Due Process of Law. Makalah terbatas FGD, FH Universitas Islam Indonesia, 28 Mei 2014.
Suryono, Edi, Hukum Diplomatik Kekebalan dan Keistimewaannya, Angkasa, Bandung, 1991.
Thonthowi, Jawahir, Penyadapan dalam Hukum internasional dan Implikasinya terhadap Penegakan Hukum Kejahatan Luar Biasa. Disampaikan dalam acara Studium General di Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Surabaya, Jumat 30 Mei 2014 Kampus UBAYA Surabaya Jawa timur.
Widodo Eddyono, Supriyadi & Erasmus A. T. Napitupulu. Komentar atas Pengaturan penyadapan dalam Rancangan KUHAP, Institue for Criminal Justice Reform, Jakarta, 2013.
Konvensi Wina Tahun 1961 tentang Hubungan Diplomatik.
UUD Republik Indonesia 1945.
Universal Declaration of Human Right (UDHR) 1948.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Right (ICCPR) 1966.
UU No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia
UU No 36 Tahun 1999 tentang Telekomunikasi
UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik
Tidak Sekali Ini Saja Australia Cederai Indonesia, http://www.jurnalparlemen. com/view/7073/tidak-sekali-austr... Diakses Rabu, 28 Mei 2014.
Menlu RI: Kami Tidak Terima Alasan Penyadapan Australia http://www.deplu.go.id/Pages/News.aspx?IDP=6627&l=id Diakses Rabu, 28 Mei 2014.